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Interlocking directorate refers to the practice of members of a corporate board of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations. A person that sits on multiple boards is known as a ''multiple director''.〔Scott, 1997: (p. 7 )〕 Two firms have a ''direct interlock'' if a director or executive of one firm is also a director of the other, and an ''indirect interlock'' if a director of each sits on the board of a third firm.〔Salinger, 2005: (p. 438 )〕 This practice, although widespread and lawful, raises questions about the quality and independence of board decisions. ==Socio-political importance== According to some observers (John Asimakopoulos), interlocks allow for cohesion, coordinated action, and unified political-economic power of corporate executives. They allow corporations to increase their influence by exerting power as a group, and to work together towards common goals.〔Salinger, 2005: (p. 437 )〕 They help corporate executives maintain an advantage, and gain more power over workers and consumers, by reducing intra-class competition and increasing cooperation.〔 In the words of Scott R. Bowman, interlocks "facilitate a community of interest among the elite of the corporate world that supplants the competitive and socially divisive ethos of an earlier stage of capitalism with an ethic of cooperation and a sense of shared values and goals."〔Bowman, 1996: (p. 21 )〕 Interlocks act as communication channels, enabling information to be shared between boards via multiple directors who have access to inside information for multiple companies.〔 The system of interlocks forms what Michael Useem calls a "transcorporate network, overarching all sectors of business".〔Useem, 1986: (p. 53 )〕 Interlocks have benefits over trusts, cartels, and other monopolistic/oligopolistic forms of organization, due to their greater fluidity, and lower visibility (making them less open to public scrutiny).〔 They also benefit the involved companies, due to reduced competition, increased information availability for directors, and increased prestige.〔 Some theorists believe that because multiple directors often have interests in firms in different industries, they are more likely to think in terms of general corporate class interests, rather than simply the narrow interests of individual corporations.〔 Also, these individuals tend to come from wealthy backgrounds, socialize with the upper classes, and tend to have worked their way up the corporate hierarchy, making it more likely that they have internalized values that will cause them to personally support policies that are beneficial to business in general.〔 Furthermore, multiple directors tend to be more frequently appointed to government positions, and sit on more non-profit/foundation boards than other directors. Thus, these individuals (known as the "inner circle" of the corporate class) tend to contribute disproportionately to the policy-planning and government groups that represent the interests of the corporate class,〔Domhoff, 2006: pp. 30-31〕 and are the ones that are most likely to deal with general policy issues and handle political problems for the business class as a whole. These individuals and the people around them are often considered to be the "ruling class" in modern politics.〔 However, they do not wield absolute power, and they are not monolithic, often differing on which policies will best serve the interests of the upper classes. Interlocks not only occur between corporations, but also between corporations and non-profit institutions such as foundations, think tanks, policy-planning groups, and universities.〔Bowman, 1996: (p. 22 )〕 They can also be seen as a subset of connections in a larger upper class social network which includes all of the aforementioned types of institutions as well as elite social clubs, schools, resorts, and gatherings.〔〔Domhoff, 2006: Chapter 3〕 Multiple directors are "roughly twice as likely as single directors to be in the Social Register, to have attended a prestigious private school, or to belong to an elite social club." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Interlocking directorate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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